Which of the following is an example of a "hard" data source used in quality improvement efforts?

The example of a "hard" data source in quality improvement efforts is electronic health records (EHRs). This is because hard data sources provide objective, quantifiable information that can be measured and analyzed statistically. EHRs contain detailed and structured data about patient demographics, medical histories, lab results, and treatments, allowing for comprehensive analysis and comparisons over time. This type of data is critical for identifying trends, measuring performance, and guiding improvement initiatives based on factual evidence.

Surveys, patient interviews, and focus groups, while useful, are considered "soft" data sources. They often rely on subjective interpretations and self-reported information, which can vary widely and may not accurately capture the full scope of healthcare quality. Hard data, like that found in EHRs, ensures that quality improvement efforts are based on reliable and standardized information.